棕榈油生产线

Part I: Palm Fruit Oil Mill Equipment (Producing Crude Palm Oil - CPO, and Palm Kernels)
This is the upstream stage, typically carried out in primary processing mills near plantations.

1. Reception and Sterilization Section

• Unloading Station/Conveying Equipment: For receiving transported fresh fruit bunches (FFB).

• Cages/Buckets: For transporting FFB.

• Sterilizer: Large horizontal or vertical pressurized steam vessels for cooking FFB and deactivating the fat-splitting enzyme. This is one of the most critical pieces of equipment.

2. Threshing and Digestion Section

• Thresher/Drum Stripper: Rotating drum-type machine to separate the loosened fruitlets from the sterilized bunches.

• Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Conveying and Handling System: To discharge, shred, and prepare EFB for use as boiler fuel.

• Digester: Large vessel with agitator and heating jacket to mash the fruitlets and rupture oil-bearing cells.

3. Pressing and Purification Section

• Double-Screw Press: The core pressing equipment to extract oil from the digested mash, producing a mixture of oil, water, and solids.

• Vibrating Screen/Centrifugal Screen: For preliminary removal of coarse fibrous impurities.

• Horizontal Three-Phase Decanter Centrifuge: Core purification equipment. Continuously separates the press mixture into the "oil phase" (crude oil), "water phase" (wastewater), and "solid phase" (sludge).

• Sludge Recirculation System: Handles the separated sludge.

• Vacuum Dryer: Removes residual moisture from the crude oil to produce stable Crude Palm Oil (CPO).

• CPO Storage Tanks: For storing crude oil before transport to the refinery.

4. Nut Recovery Section (By-Product Line)

• Nut Separation System: Separates nuts from the pressed fiber (commonly using pneumatic separation and settling pits).

• Nut Washer and Dryer.

• Nut Cracker and Kernel/Shell Separation System: Cracks the nuts and separates the palm kernels via winnowing/ hydrocyclone separation.

• Palm Kernel Storage/Packaging Equipment.

5. Utilities and Auxiliary Systems

• Boiler House: Generates high-pressure steam to power sterilization, digestion, electricity generation, etc. Fuel primarily comes from EFB, fiber, and shells.

• Effluent Treatment System: Treats palm oil mill effluent (POME).

• Water Treatment System: Provides process water.

• Electrical Control System: PLC-controlled process.

Part II: Palm Oil Refining and Fractionation Plant Equipment (Producing Refined Finished Oils)
This is typically carried out in large, continuous plants near ports or consumption centers.

1. Pre-Treatment and Degumming Section

• Crude Oil Heater/Heat Exchanger.

• Acid Mixing Tank: For adding phosphoric or citric acid.

• Water Mixing Tank/Retention Tank.

• Degumming Centrifuge: Separates gums and aqueous phase.

2. Bleaching Section

• Bleaching Earth Dosing System.

• Bleacher/Mixer: Mixes oil with activated bleaching earth under vacuum for color/impurity adsorption.

• Bleached Oil Filtration System:

  • Leaf Filter/Plate & Frame Filter Press: Core equipment for complete separation of spent earth from oil.

  • Polishing Filter: For further removal of trace earth.

• Spent Earth Handling System (including oil recovery).

3. Deacidification & Deodorization Section (Core of Physical Refining)

• Vacuum System: Creates and maintains high vacuum (1-3 mbar), crucially important.

• Heating System: High-efficiency heat exchangers and final heater (thermal oil heater).

• Deacidifier/Deodorizer Tower: The absolute core. Typically a packed or tray column where, under high temperature (240-260°C) and high vacuum, free fatty acids and odoriferous compounds are stripped off using direct steam injection.

• Fatty Acid Condensation and Recovery System: Condenses and collects the stripped fatty acid distillate.

• Heat Recovery System: Multi-stage heat exchange to maximize energy recovery, key for efficiency.

• Cooling System: Rapidly cools the hot deodorized oil to prevent oxidation.

4. Fractionation Section (Dry Process)

• Crystallization System:

  • Crystallization Vessels/Tanks: Series of tanks with precise temperature control and slow-speed agitation.

  • Refrigeration System: Provides controlled cooling for crystallization.

• Solid-Liquid Separation System:

  • Vacuum Drum Filter: The most mainstream equipment for continuous, efficient separation of olein and stearin.

  • Membrane Filter Press: Used for specialty or higher-purity separation requirements.

• Polishing Filtration/Post-Treatment System: Ensures olein is completely clear.

5. Finished Product Handling and Auxiliary Systems

• Product Blending/Conditioning Tanks.

• Finished Oil Storage Tanks: Temperature-controlled or ambient tanks, often with nitrogen blanketing.

• Packaging Lines: For consumer packages (bottles, tins) or bulk filling (IBCs, flexitanks).

• Automation Control System: DCS or advanced PLC systems controlling thousands of plant points.

• Steam Boiler, Water Treatment, Effluent Treatment, Laboratory, etc.

Summary of Complete Plant Equipment Characteristics

• Highly Continuous and Automated: 24/7 operation relying on advanced instrumentation and control systems.

• Large Scale: Single line capacity can reach hundreds to thousands of tonnes of FFB or crude oil per day.

• High Thermal Integration: Designed with complex heat exchanger networks; energy management is a core competency.

• Core Equipment Often Imported: Key high-tech equipment (e.g., large centrifuges, deodorizers, vacuum drum filters, advanced control systems) primarily comes from specialized European (e.g., Alfa Laval, Westfalia, Desmet) and Malaysian suppliers.

• Modular Design: Modern plants are designed and built in modular sections for easier expansion and maintenance.

The complete palm oil industry equipment chain can be summarized as:
Plantation -> FFB Transport -> Oil Mill (CPO + Palm Kernels) -> CPO Transport -> Refining & Fractionation Plant (RBD PKO, RBD PO, Olein, Stearin) -> Finished Product Storage & Transport -> End User.